Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air when a person with active TB disease coughs, sneezes, or talks. People nearby can inhale the droplets containing the bacteria. TB is most commonly spread in close, prolonged contact settings such as households or workplaces. It is not transmitted by casual contact, such as shaking hands or sharing food.

Diagnosing tuberculosis involves several tests, including a chest X-ray to identify lung abnormalities, sputum smear microscopy to detect *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, and a TB skin test or blood test to confirm exposure to the bacteria. In some cases, a sputum culture or molecular test may be performed to identify drug-resistant strains of TB.

The primary method of preventing TB is vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which offers protection against severe forms of TB in children. Preventive measures also include improving ventilation in living and working spaces, ensuring good hygiene practices, and treating active TB cases promptly to prevent the spread of the disease. People at higher risk of TB should undergo regular screenings and early treatment to minimize the risk of developing active disease.

Tuberculosis is treated with a combination of antibiotics over a period of 6 to 9 months. It is crucial to complete the entire course of treatment, even if symptoms improve, to ensure the bacteria are fully eradicated and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains. In cases of drug-resistant TB, a more intensive and longer treatment regimen may be required. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for treatment effectiveness and manage side effects.