Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It presents with symptoms such as fever, body aches, sore throat, cough, and fatigue. The flu can range from mild to severe, and in some cases, it can lead to complications, particularly in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, young children, and individuals with underlying health conditions. Influenza viruses undergo frequent changes, requiring annual vaccination to provide protection against the prevalent strains. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, and staying updated on flu vaccinations to mitigate the impact of seasonal outbreaks.
Influenza presents with symptoms that include sudden onset of fever, chills, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, and fatigue. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur, though they are more common in children than adults. The severity of symptoms can vary, ranging from mild to severe, and complications such as pneumonia can arise, particularly in vulnerable populations.
Influenza primarily spreads through respiratory droplets generated when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people nearby, leading to infection. Additionally, the virus can spread by touching a surface or object with the flu virus on it and then touching the face, particularly the mouth, nose, or eyes.
Diagnosing influenza typically involves clinical evaluation based on symptoms such as sudden onset of fever, cough, and body aches during the flu season. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) may be used to detect the virus within the first few days of illness, providing quick results. However, these tests may have limitations in terms of sensitivity. Molecular tests, like PCR, offer higher sensitivity and are often used for confirmation in certain cases.
Preventing influenza involves annual vaccination as a primary measure to build immunity against prevalent strains of the virus. The influenza vaccine is recommended for individuals of all ages, especially those at higher risk of complications, such as young children, elderly individuals, and individuals with underlying health conditions. Practicing good respiratory hygiene, including covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, frequent handwashing, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals, are essential preventive measures.
The treatment of influenza primarily focuses on alleviating symptoms and preventing complications. Antiviral medications may be prescribed, particularly if initiated within the first 48 hours of symptom onset. These medications can shorten the duration of illness and reduce the severity of symptoms. Supportive care, including rest, staying well-hydrated, and managing fever and body aches with over-the-counter medications, plays a crucial role. In severe cases or for individuals at higher risk of complications, hospitalization may be necessary.