Diphtheria is a bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that primarily affects the respiratory system. This potentially serious and contagious disease is characterized by the formation of a thick, grayish coating in the throat and nose, making breathing difficult. Diphtheria can lead to severe complications, such as heart and nerve damage, and it is primarily spread through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals. Vaccination with the diphtheria toxoid is a highly effective preventive measure, and timely medical intervention involves the administration of antitoxins and antibiotics.
Diphtheria exhibits respiratory symptoms including a thick, grayish membrane forming in the throat and nose, leading to difficulty in breathing and swallowing. Other common symptoms include fever, weakness, and a sore throat. In severe cases, complications affecting the heart and nerves may arise from the toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Diphtheria is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets containing the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, these droplets can be inhaled by individuals in close proximity, leading to the spread of the bacteria. Additionally, direct contact with respiratory secretions or skin lesions of an infected person can contribute to transmission.
Diagnosing diphtheria involves a clinical evaluation based on the characteristic symptoms, including the formation of a grayish membrane in the throat, respiratory distress, fever, and weakness. Laboratory tests, such as throat swabs or cultures, confirm the presence of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacterium and its toxigenicity.
Preventing diphtheria is primarily achieved through vaccination. The diphtheria vaccine, often administered as a combination vaccine along with tetanus and pertussis (DTP), is highly effective in providing immunity against the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Routine childhood immunization and booster shots throughout life help maintain protection. Timely and complete vaccination remains a key public health measure in preventing the spread of this potentially serious respiratory infection.
The treatment of diphtheria involves prompt administration of antitoxins to neutralize the bacterial toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Simultaneously, antibiotics, such as erythromycin or penicillin, are given to eliminate the bacteria. Supportive care, including maintaining open airways and monitoring vital signs, is crucial.